Crusades+notes

=The Crusades= __Definition__ - military expedition undertaken by European Christians to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslims

__Motives__
 * peasants - were promised salvation to anyone killed on a crusade; could escape manor life and the lord's control; offered adventure
 * knights - could use their fighting skills; chance to gain land and wealth in the East
 * lords - chance to gain land and wealth in the East; for political power
 * pope - free the Holy Land from the Muslims who didn't believe in Christianity; help Christians in the Byzantine empire to defend their territory from the Seljuk Turks
 * cities - expand their trading markets

__Major Crusades (p.477)__
 * First Crusade - Peasants' Crusade; land route; captured Jerusalem temporarily; set up feudal states to help defend the recaptured land
 * Second Crusade - land route; attempted to reinforce feudal states; made it as far as Turkey; spent more time fighting one another than fighting Muslims; Jerusalem was lost to Muslims
 * Third Crusade - Crusade of the Kings; water route; led by French, English, and German kings; attempted to regain Jerusalem; disaster from the beginning - King Frederick of Germany drowned in a river; failed to recapture Holy Land
 * Fourth Crusade - water route; purpose was to gather works of art, jewels, and gold to pay off debts incurred on previous crusades; crusaders ransacked towns and sent their treasures home to Europe to be sold for cash

Outcomes
 * cities grew through increased trade
 * contact with more advanced civilizations had impact on European civilization
 * classical literature was rediscovered